Journal Essays

Journal Essays Journal Essay Journal Essay As far as disciplines are concerned in such a vast scientific world that people circulate in, when psychology was conceived and eventually became a separate field of concentration, it has become perhaps one of the most popular courses and career any individual would want to venture in. The main concerns however are left for aficionados to speculate that the study of human behavior, its scientific explorations on the human mind and its mental processes is also a very complex and quite difficult arena (Papalia et al, 2002). There are theories and theorists that abound to posit on the description, explanation or understanding and prediction (and if possible, modification or control) of behavior among human organisms. Despite the modern breakthroughs, there lies a tension between what has been known and what are still unknown on the creature called man (Bernstein, 1991).This paper is anchored on the understanding that psychology actually pertains to the human psyche which is the equivalent of the soul and/or spirit where insights, knowledge and understanding reside. Where this is the central issue, spirituality similarly is attracted to the human mind where the attention that much of the Christian doctrine is also supposed to attend to or has been prepared to change. The observations made by Jean Piaget are translated to their applicability to counseling, to culture and to the biblical worldview. The author therefore attempts to present a prà ©cis on the premise and/or presupposition of Piaget and what this theorist wanted to convey towards the development of personhood specifically in the cognitive domains or aspects of the human individualPiaget’s Cognitive Stages of DevelopmentIntroductionMany of the theories today get their ideas from theorists of the earlier years and mushroom them to the world of science attracting their own followers. Piaget is considered a pioneer however in his field. His presuppositions mainly point to the person’s acting or operating on his/her environment which enables the development to put into motion or enable the person to develop in his cognition.To put into more detail, Piaget’s theory of cognitive development refers to how a person perceives, thinks, and gains an understanding of his or her world through the interaction and influence of genetic and learning factors. Jean Piaget, who was both a biologist and psychologist, developed one of the most influential theories of cognitive development. Piaget’s work led to the current view that children are actively involved in their own cognitive development. By active involvement, Piaget meant that children are constantly striving to understand what they encounter, and in such encounters they form their own guesses or hypotheses about how the world works (Atkinson 1993).Piaget’s cognitive stages refer to four different stages – sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational stages – each of which is more advanced than the preceding stage because it involves new reasoning and thinking abilities (Papalia et al, 2002). Although Piaget believed that all people go through the same four cognitive stages, he acknowledged that they may go through the stages at different rates. Piaget’s hypothesis that cognitive development occurs in stages was one of his unique contributions to developmental psychology (Atkinson 1993).The cognitive changes that occur in various stages of development are influenced by the individual’s adaptation which can come in the form of either or both assimilation or accommodation. Assimilation is the easier process of the two where the brain or the mind is concerned, according to Piaget. Assimilation is fitting in the new material coming from the environment by transforming the data in the individual’s internal senses. As this happens, the individual hardly feels any difficulty concerning the change that is occurring. Contrariwise, though both occur in a child or individual together, accommodation usually happens when the person or child’s present explanation of the way things work is inadequate or insufficient and the child or individual must change his/her way of explaining these things hence, must accomm odate that which is the newer theory (Atherton 2005).Implications to CounselingOperating on assumptions held by Piaget, there are many considerations that may come up when Piaget and his theory is to be applied to a counseling setting. His proposition of the nature of assimilation and accommodation helps the counselor see the basic issues that surround a person in specific stages as Piaget had described in the four cognitive developmental stages (Piaget, 1936; Bernstein et al, 1991). Supposing the concerned individual happens to be a child who might be approximately three years of age and hence as hypothesized would be within the preoperational stage, the counselor would find it hard to convince the child of cause and effect with particular temper problems if the counselor lacks full understanding of the stage as presupposed by Piaget considering that the child tends to stay egocentric and incapable of seeing other persons’ viewpoint (Piaget, 2000).Implications to CulturePeop le who adopt the Piagetian approach would tend to think that their world would be based on what they contributed to it rather than a set of made-up guidelines or rules. Since Piaget theorized that people or children act on their environment (Piaget and Inhelder, 1948) and not mere absorbers of it (Morgan, 1977), then, it would follow that people should not just expect that an absolute set of truth or values applied to various parts of living is expected (Piaget, 1936). It means that people tend to be reflective on a relative truth or rules, ones that they themselves constructed rather than what are already made for them to follow.Culture in a sense becomes evolving, because it depends on how people construct their world and as people become active participants of what happens to this world, it is understood then that the culture that follows will be constantly changing.Implications to a Biblical WorldviewThe Bible holds that there is such a thing as absolute truth applied to rules t hat govern people’s thinking, behavior and consequent kind of culture. The world becomes a better place when people who live in it are governed by God’s rules; whose minds are renewed by God through His word. This expressed best in the letter of Paul to the Romans: And do not be conformed to this world, but be transformed by the renewing of your mind, that you may prove what is that good and acceptable and perfect will of God (12: 2, NKJV).In addition the best reference for the reality and need of absolute truth is found in another passage of the Bible where Paul addressing his letter to Timothy clearly reiterated this idea. All Scripture is given by inspiration of God, and is profitable for doctrine, for reproof, for correction, for instruction in righteousness, that the man of God may be complete, thoroughly equipped for every good work (2 Timothy 3:16, NKJV). This means that man cannot contribute to what God has made already and only needs to submit or actively obey with what God’s word has definitely spoken because His Word is perfect and complete and enough for man and his existence.

25 Adverbs That Get an A

25 Adverbs That Get an A 25 Adverbs That Get an â€Å"A† 25 Adverbs That Get an â€Å"A† By Mark Nichol You already know many adverbs that start with a-, a prefix that can mean, among other things, â€Å"on† (aboard) â€Å"in a state† (asleep), or â€Å"in a manner† (aloud). Here’s a roster of some of the lesser-known words in this class, many of which inspire vivid imagery, evoke an archaic or rustic tone, or conjure an amusing tableau, perhaps all at once: 1. Aback (â€Å"surprised†; usually employed in the phrase â€Å"taken aback† in a passively constructed sentence): â€Å"She was taken aback by his vehemence.† 2. Abaft (â€Å"at or toward the stern†): â€Å"They found the drunken sailor abaft, sleeping in a lifeboat.† 3. Abed (â€Å"in bed†): â€Å"He found his friend abed, felled by a high fever.† 4. Ablaze (â€Å"on fire†): â€Å"As they had feared, the shed was ablaze, the flames lighting the night sky.† 5. Afar (â€Å"at a distance†): â€Å"From afar, they descried the outline of a magnificent castle.† 6. Afield (â€Å"on the field,† â€Å"away from home,† or â€Å"lost†): â€Å"The absentminded fellow, engrossed in a scholarly volume, soon found himself far afield.† 7. Afire (see ablaze) 8. Aflutter (â€Å"agitated,† or â€Å"flapping†): â€Å"The ladies were all aflutter at hearing the stranger’s vivid imprecations.† 9. Afoot (â€Å"on foot,† or â€Å"under way†): â€Å"The conspirators, he noticed as he watched them sneak away from the house, were already afoot.† 10. Afresh (â€Å"again†): â€Å"Invigorated by the contents of the flask, we strode off afresh.† 11. Agape (â€Å"gaping,† or â€Å"exhibiting wonder†): â€Å"We stood staring at the spectacle, mouths agape.† 12. Aghast (â€Å"shocked†): â€Å"She stood aghast, rendered speechless by the destruction we had wrought.† 13. Agog (â€Å"eager†): â€Å"We kids were of course agog with excitement, for it was Christmas morning.† 14. Apace (â€Å"quickly,† or â€Å"keeping up with†): â€Å"The children kept apace with the marching band.† 15. Aright (â€Å"correctly,† or â€Å"in proper orientation†): â€Å"We set the fallen statue aright.† 16. Askance (â€Å"sideways,† and, by association, â€Å"with suspicion†): â€Å"Doubtful of the newcomer’s motives, she looked askance at him.† 17. Askew (â€Å"out of line,† or â€Å"disheveled†; the root word is skew, â€Å"oblique, slanted†): â€Å"His coat hung askew on his shoulders.† 18. Aslant (â€Å"at a slant,† â€Å"oblique†): â€Å"The sun’s rays struck the wall aslant.† 19. Aslope (â€Å"sloping,† or â€Å"slanting†): â€Å"The poorly erected tent tottered aslope under the tree.† 20. Astir (â€Å"active,† or â€Å"out of bed†): â€Å"She found the children, excited about the day’s celebration, already astir in their room.† 21. Astride (â€Å"with legs apart or on each side†): â€Å"He stood with his legs astride the struggling figure.† 22. Asunder (â€Å"apart,† or â€Å"in parts†): â€Å"The parchment had been rent asunder, and they painstakingly pieced it back together.† 23. Athwart (â€Å"obliquely across,† or â€Å"erroneously† or â€Å"unexpectedly†): â€Å"The rifle lay athwart the seat of the rowboat.† 24. Atilt (â€Å"tilted,† or, from tilt as a synonym for joust, â€Å"armed with a lance†): â€Å"The clumsily mounted knight charged, atilt in more than one sense.† 25. Awry (â€Å"turned† or â€Å"twisted,† or â€Å"other than correct or expected†): â€Å"To their dismay, they found that their plot had gone awry.† Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:100 Exquisite Adjectives"Latter," not "Ladder"10 Tips to Improve Your Writing Skills

Group decision making Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Group decision making - Research Paper Example Thus, group decisions carry greater risks. Considering its importance, the decision making process has to be carried out aptly, without any room for failures, dissension, instability, etc. Decision making process is one of the key processes in an organization, which can lead to profits as well as failures or losses to the organization, based on how well the processes is carried out and how optimum the taken eventual decision is. Thus, this paper focusing on group decision making process will identify and discuss one successful and also one unsuccessful experience with group decision making, concluding with the factors’ that could impact the group’s overall growth and effectiveness. Successful decision making process Even with the computerization and automation happening in every segment of organization, the management team along with the workers will only play a major role in the decision making process. That is, the crucial decision-making process will be initiated, ma naged and allowed to reach its logical conclusion only by the employees working in the organization. Then, when employees as part of a group carries out this decision making proces

To what extent do companies benefit Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

To what extent do companies benefit - Essay Example Such actions suggest that corporations will increasingly be held accountable for activity of concern to multiple stakeholder groups. As a result there will likely be a renewed interest in identifying the dimensions and consequences of corporate social responsibilities. Cameron has suggested that multiple perspectives of organizational effectiveness exist and that "consensus regarding the best, or sufficient, set of indicators of effectiveness is impossible to obtain" (1986: 541). The same arguments can be made regarding social performance as a specific aspect of overall corporate performance. Social responsibility continues to be a poorly defined as well as difficult to measure concept. There appears to be no real agreement as to what constitutes social performance. What is indicated, however, is the need to apply measures which address multiple criteria of social performance. This study attempts to specify the underlying dimensions of a multiple measure of corporate social responsibility and investigate the relationship between corporate social performance and multiple measures of financial performance. For the purposes of this study, corporate social performance represents a measure of a firm's attentiveness to multiple stakeholder groups. ... This perspective generally cast corporate activity as a zero-sum game. Whatever resources were expended in the interests of social responsibility came at the expense of shareholders (Wartick and Cochran, 1985). The interests of shareholders and other stakeholders were defined implicitly as conflicting and mutually exclusive. Many criticisms have been leveled at this perspective and it seems safe to conclude that corporations are no longer viewed, even theoretically, as solely economic institutions (Sharfman, 1992). At a very minimum, there appears to be a consensus that firms serve multiple constituencies and stakeholder groups whose memberships are overlapping and whose interests are interdependent (Aram, 1989; Freeman, 1984; Nash, 1990). An understanding of such relationships and an attendant concern for the interests of all stakeholder groups may force firms to act in a socially responsible way regardless of their motivation (Sen, 1993). Out of these perspectives come varied hypotheses regarding the relationship between social responsibility and corporate economic performance. When corporations are viewed as economic institutions, a negative relationship between social responsibility and profitability is assumed (Ullmann, 1985). The opposing hypothesis suggests a positive relationship between social responsibility and performance. Proponents of this perspective argue that socially concerned management is likely to also possess the skills necessary to achieve superior financial performance (Alexander and Buchholz, 1978; Metzger et al., 1993). A final perspective hypothesizes an inverted U-shaped correlation between social and economic performance. To an

The legacy of the renaissance Essay Example for Free

The legacy of the renaissance Essay The legacy of the renaissance can be described and defined in many ways and through many great people. For example, one of the main figures of the renaissance was Leonardo Da Vinci born in Italy during the year1452; he was during his time and is still today considered a true renaissance man. Da Vinci dabbled in almost every aspect of the arts and science. He is most famous however for his painting (Mona Lisa) finished in 1506, but he also worked on designs for weapons and sculpted as well as the study of human anatomy. Leonardo Da Vinci died on May 2nd 1519. And it is said that King Francis was at his side when he died, cradling Leonardos head in his arms. Another great figure of the renaissance was the Architect (Andrea Palladio) born in the year 1508, Palladio was a master architect and is often described as the most influential and copied architect in the Western world. Palladio used classical architecture to influence his style and that is what makes him a key figure of the renaissance period. Since the renaissance was based on classical ideals. By the 1540s, Palladio was using classical principles to design a series of country villas and urban palaces for the nobility of Vicenza. One of his most famous is Villa Capra, also known as the Rotunda, which was modeled after the Roman Pantheon. Palladio also designed the Basilica in Vicenza, and in the 1560s he began work on religious buildings in Venice. Palladio died in the year 1580 but left behind a legacy of architectural works and design plans in a book he published called (The Four Books of Architecture) were widely translated, and Palladios ideas spread across Europe and into the New World. American statesman Thomas Jefferson borrowed Palladian ideas when he designed Monticello, his home in Virginia. A final figure during the renaissance was the sculptor Donato di Niccolà ² di Betto Bardi universally known as Donatello, he was born in Florence around the year 1386 and during his time he created many famous works. One of his most famous is the statue (Saint George) a vigilant marble made for the guildhall of Orsanmichele. Although this is an early piece, it still follows the renaissance tradition of a return to classical themes. During his life Donatello created many beautiful and highly influential works that would later inspire such great artists as (Michelangelo) through the 16th century. Donatello died in the year 1466 in Italy but left behind a true legacy of renaissance art for generations to come. The leaders of the Reformation were, Martin Luther, Ulrich Zwingli, John Calvin, Thomas Cromwell, Thomas Cranmer, Hugh Latimer and John Knox. The reformation was set in the ideal of building a new Church and new religion. The idea was good but the men who lead this reform were not fit be called human. If you look at the methods they choose to enforce their ideals of religious reformation you will find them to be nothing more than the sick and twisted methods of mad men. Such methods as torture, hangings and drowning were used and condoned in the name of religion and God. Consider the fact that Aldof Hitler studied the writings of Martin Luther and implemented many of Luthers ideas into his own sick design for genocide of the Jewish race it is easy to say that the reformation was again, a good idea but being lead by mad men. The only good thing to come out of the reformation was the Counter Reformation the Catholic Church was not totally unprepared for the reformers. They had been fig hting opposition, heresy and resistance for over 400 years. SO when the reformation began the church was preparing its own form of attack or anti reformation. The Counter Reformation movement birthed many groups such as the Modern Devotion and the Oratory of Divine Love were organizations that included both clergy and lay people and encouraged a return to simple ethical living and piety, principles that had been championed by Desiderius Erasmus. But the movement that most concerned the Catholic Church was that of the (Protestant church) the Protestant church was growing beyond the Catholic Church and posed a serious threat to the power that the Catholic Church held. From this concern came The Council of Trent The council of Trent was formed in 1545 and lasted for almost 20 years, until 1563. During this time the council worked on the problems in three separate sessions. It was a major undertaking and the outcome was a much needed reform of the Catholic Church but it was still on their terms. Although many issues were addressed and resolved by the council it was too little too late. The Protestant Church had grown too strong and beyond the reach of the Catholic Church. Although the Catholic Church would remain a major religion, it would in a few short centuries no longer be the leading religion in the western world.The Baroque Age was during the years 1600-1750 A.D. During this time period many great advances in the arts were made but none greater the ones made in music. The word  Baroque comes from two words. The first being the French word baroque meaning (irregularly shaped pearl) the second being the Portuguese word barroco also meaning (irregularly shaped pearl) the Baroque Age was after the Renaissance and in a way was a backlash to the simplicity and ideals of the renaissance period. The Baroque age saw a trend in extravagance, bold ornamentation and flamboyance. There were three major movements during the baroque age. The first being Florid Style. This style was brought to life by the influence of seventeenth-century popes and is easily recognized by identifying its name florid with the style. Think of florid the word. Flowers, bright colors and rich textures and shapes all come to mind. This was the florid style. Second is the Classical style. This style of art had a very secular focus and identified itself with Absolutism which at the time was the view of Louis XIV also called the sun king. If you think absolutism you can envision straight clean lines, simple geometric shapes and everything coming together in perfect seamless unison. This style would also influence modern art and artists. The third style of baroque art was the Restrained Baroque. This style again, is easily envisioned by simply thinking about its name. Although most restrained baroque art was being done in the northern regions of the world such as the Netherlands, examples can be found in some regions of Italy as well. Some famous artists who practiced this style were, Rembrandt Van Rijn, Jan Vermeer and Anthony Van Dyck. The Scientific revolution lasted from 1600 to 1715 with its climax between 1685 and 1715. During this time period many great changes took place. First, the changes in astronomy and physics were largely influenced by the new theory that the sun centered the universe as opposed to the old view that the earth centered the universe. This became the official view 1543 and involved an international community of scholars. The result was called Heliocentrism Once this was established as fact; people now began to see the universe in a whole new light. Mathematical calculations were now though to be able to unlock the mysteries of nature and mankind. Many key figures of the time such as Nicolas Copernicus, Sir Isaac Newton and Johannes Kepler all made valuable contributions to the scientific revolution and how it was shaped. There were also conflicts that resulted from this revolution however. The Church, both Catholic and Protestant agreed that this new  theory was dangerous and went against the Holy Scripture. The church felt that if the earth was no longer at the center of the universe then neither was man and his place in the divine scheme of things was then reduced. So it was denounced and condemned as a false system. It was not until 1822 that the Roman Catholic Church accepted the theory as true. Also, sects within the Protestant church slowly began to adapt and accept the theory as true. Thomas Hobbes was born in 1588 in England and theorized that man was incapable of existing without rule over them and in order to for humanity to exist in a civil society they must be ruled by one individual and give up their sovereignity. John Locke was born 1632 in England as well but Locke theorized that people were basically good in nature and could govern themselves but needed a government to protect them instead of ruling them. Both had different points of view on humanity and how a structured system should work but both Hobbes and Locke agreed that a Social Contract was needed in order to keep things balanced. Locke and Hobbes views influenced the Enlightenment but in different ways. Lockes views influenced the Enlightenment by helping give way to such ideas as better public education and a more liberal government. I can not find how Hobbes views influenced the Enlightenment with the exception of reinforcing the ideals of oppression and fascist rule over the people. The resulting views of government based on these theories were both for the greater good of the people based on Lockes theory and for the greater good of the government based on Hobbes views. Works cited. (1) Western Humanities Vol. II fifth edition (2) (The Panorama of the Renaissance) Edited by: Margaret Aston, Abradale Press (3) Various internet research sites.

Schindlers List Essay -- essays research papers

PLOT SUMMARY  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The movie â€Å"Schindler’s list† is a compelling, real-life depiction of the events that occurred during the 1940’s. It illustrates the persecution and horrific killings of the Jewish people. It also exemplifies the hope and will of the Jewish people, which undoubtedly is a factor in the survival of their race. The most important factor however is because of the willingness of one man, Oskar Schindler, to stand out and make a difference.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The movie starts out in a Jewish home, where a Jewish family is celebrating the Sabbath. Candles are lit while songs are sung, and when the Jews leave the house, the candles slowly burn out. The German forces have just defeated the Polish, and now the Jews are being forced out of their homes. They are reporting to the train station where they register their names, and then are shipped off to Krakow. In Krakow the Jews are gathered together in the ghetto where they are forced to live in overcrowded conditions. The Judenrat, a Jewish council, organizes the Jews into working groups according to their abilities. Oskar Schindler, a German business man, visits the ghetto to talk to Itzhak Stern, a Jew who owns a pot-making factory. Oskar and Itzhak make a deal in which Schindler will take over the factory but Stern will be the plant manager. The Jews are once again sorted according to their education and working ability, those who cannot work are sent to extermination c amps while some of those who are able to, reported to Schindler’s factory. The Nazi’s decide that all of the Jews should be confined in forced labor camps. Schindler, who is now starting to feel some empathy and responsibility towards his workers, volunteers to confine his workers in his factory. In the next part of the film, thousands of Jews are shipped off to concentration camps. Their luggage is stolen and sorted through for valuables. Stern is mistakenly put on one of those trains, but Schindler quickly comes to his rescue. Amon Goeth is now in charge of the new labor camp in Plaszow. The Jews not only build the camp, but Goeth’s immense house as well. In the second half of the film, it is now March 13th, 1943, and the liquidation of the ghetto is taking place. Many Jews are unjustly killed as they are pulled from their houses or did not co-operate. Those who tried to hide are found and kill... ...l of the Nazi Party.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Denial is another theme in this film which helped to save the Jewish race. Even as they are forced into the ghetto and later into labor camps they are in denial of their real situation. When they are in the ghetto they are optimistic and believe that the bad times will pass, and even when killing surrounds them they won’t let themselves believe the worst.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There are certain groups of people that cause these events to happen. Because of them there are people living in denial and people that are being ostracized every day. They do this because they are afraid that if they do not go along with what the majority does their will be reprisal. Everyone wants to believe that people are basically good in nature. But with the events that occurred in the film it is easy to see that people are easily influenced and would rather go along with the group then stand out and make a difference. Most people think that one person cannot make a difference. If more people would have taken a stand, then quite possibly more Jewish people would have been saved. One person does make a difference, Oskar Schindler proved that.

Pharmaceutical industry

The purpose of this manual Is to guide undergraduate and postgraduate students In the Department of Business Administration at university of Asia Pacific (PAP) in writing up their internship report. It will also be used as a standard with which students will comply in preparing their reports. Thus both students and faculty members acting as supervisors/co-supervisors are advised/expected to be familiar with the guidelines as mentioned in the manual. The manual comprises: A. Formatting of the report B. Preliminary Pages C. Matt Text D.References and Appendices The details of each section are presented below: A. Formatting of the Report The formatting of the report In the mall text should be as follows: Font size: 12 Font type: Times New Roman. Paper: AY size Line spacing: Double. Paragraph: To be indented after the first paragraph; Page margin: Left -1. 25 Len. ; Right, Top and Bottom – 1 In. Each. Page number: To be at the bottom-mid (or at the top-right) of the page, (1, Tota l length of the report: Maximum 40 pages, with the main body of the report not exceeding 30 pages.There are a number of segments In this section; these are: (I) Title page it) Approval Page (iii) Declaration page (iv) Acceptance Letter (vi) Acknowledgements (vii) Executive Summary (viii) Table of Contents (ix) List of Tables (x) List of Figures (xi) Acronyms Title Page: The Title of the report should be in the top portion of the page to be followed by ‘BY and the name of the student. This should be followed by ‘An internship report†¦. For the degree of Business Administration', the name of the department and the university. At the bottom, the date should be mentioned, first, the month, and then, the year (for ex. September, 2010). Please see the format on the Title page on page no. 7. Approval Page: While it is the primary duty of the student to strictly follow the guidelines of writing his/her internship report, the concerned faculty members acting as supervisors a re requested to be involved and to guide the students to produce an authentic report free from ‘Plagiarism' as stated in the next section. Declaration Page: It is of paramount importance that students understand clearly, when they write on this page that the internship work is absolutely theirs.Normally, it is not allowed to copy and paste works of others from any Journal or proceedings, r working papers, or websites or from any other sources, without proper citation, which is termed as â€Å"Plagiarism†. There is, however, one exception: a maximum of 400 words can be copied in which case these must be presented in inverted quotations with the name(s) of the author(s) and page number included. The students also need to remember that it is not enough to state the source of information in the reference section only; rather, it has to be mentioned also in internal citation in the main text of the report.Here is an example: ‘Knowledge management encompasses a systemat ized and integrated managerial tragedy, which combines information technology with the organizational process'; it is ‘a managerial activity that develops, transfers, transmits, stores and applies knowledge, as well as provides the members of the organization with real information to react and make the right decisions, in order to attain the organization's goals' in an ever-changing competitive environment (Hung et al. , 2005, p. 165).Therefore, any student caught in plagiarism SHALL get an ‘F grade, in which case, s/ he has to redo the whole report. They, therefore, must put references/sources of information whenever they cite any numerical figure (for ex. GAP growth rate, or no. Of public/private universities in the country, etc. ), existing information, or any section. Acceptance Letter: Please see on page 10. Letter of Transmittal: The ‘Letter of Transmittal' in an internship report is a formal letter to the Supervisor informing him or her of the completion of the report.It contains the following items: Salutation Purpose of the letter Objectives/methodology/findings of the report Thanks Please see the sample Letter of Transmittal in Appendix-I on page no 13. Acknowledgements: Please see the acknowledgement section on page 10. Executive Summary: The executive summary is the snap shot of the whole report. It should be treated as a ‘stand-alone' section through which the supervisor/reader would get an idea about the overall work done during the internship period.While the length of an executive summary varies, for an internship report, it should not be more than 2 page-long. The content of an executive summary is given on page 1 1 . Table of Contents: In the Table of Contents, the preliminary pages should be stated first with page numbers to be in Roman letters ii. , iii. , etc. ]. This is followed by the main text here the page numbers are to be given as 1, 2, 3, etc. See the Table of Contents section on page 12. List of Tables: corr esponding page numbers. The tables should be numbered as 1 . , 1. 2, 2. 1, 2. 2, etc, as presented in each chapter. In the main text, the guidelines for presenting the ‘Tables' are as follows: There should be a double spacing between the text and the placement of the heading of the Table. Under the Table heading, the title should be written. Both the table heading and the title should be at the center of the page. Below that, there should be a blank single spacing for the table to be presented. After the table, again, there should be a double spacing for the next paragraph to start.In putting any table, the column grid lines are to be omitted; only the row lines are to be kept. No Table no. Should be presented without putting any reference of it in the main text. List of Figures: The list of figures should present all the figures chronologically with their corresponding page numbers. The figures should be numbered as 1 . 1, 1. 2, 2. 1, 2. 2, As in the case of a Table, there sh ould be a double spacing between the text and the placement of the Figure. Both the Figure number and the title should be at the center f the page, and written below the figure after a blank single spacing.After the figure title, again, there should be a double spacing for the next paragraph to start. No Figure number should be presented without putting any reference of it in the main text. For both Table and Figure, see sample Appendix 2 on page 14. Acronyms: All the acronyms should be presented chronologically in alphabetical order. In the main text, while stating for the first time, no abbreviations are allowed. For example, if in a sentence the word UN or SCARCE is mentioned, first time it has to be Ritter as United Nations (UN) or South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SCARCE).Subsequently, only the acronym or the abbreviated form UN or SCARCE is to be stated. C. Man-I Text: The main body of the report should contain the following chapters/sections as a general rule. However, it is up to the concerned faculty member(s) acting as deem it fit. For example, ‘Discussions' in the Chapter Three might be in the last chapter with the heading, like, ‘Discussions and Conclusions', or, the ‘Methodology section could entirely be a separate section, as the case may be.Apart from this, the reservation of the tables and the figures should follow the guidelines as specified in the ‘List of Tables' and ‘List of Figures' sections. Chapter One: Introduction (I) (Origin of the Report) Background of the Study (iii) Objectives of the Report (v) Scope of the Report (v) Limitations of the Report (v') Organization/Structure of the Report Here, the section ‘origin of the report' found in every report might be ignored since this information is to be written on the title page ‘†¦..An internship report submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Business Administration'. This section thus seems to be an exercise in redundancy, and may be omitted. We therefore might start with the ‘Background of the study. Chapter Two: Overview of the Industry/Company This section may also be called ‘Literature Review/Survey. In this section, for an industry overview, there should be one/two introductory paragraph(s).This may be followed by an analysis of the application of Michael Porter's 5-forces industry framework that would shed light on the competitiveness of the industry. Here the analysis should illustrate the degree of the impact (high/ medium/low) of the 5 forces and discuss elaborately why it is so. As for the overview of the particular company/organization where the internship is carried out, it should comprise a number of issues, such as, the period of the operation of the business, its branches (if any), its competitors, its product portfolio, its sales/profits in the last few years with adequate analysis.It may present BCC matrix of a few products in the co mpany's portfolio arguing why those fall in a particular category of the matrix. It should present ratio analysis, where various ratios comprising the data of the particular organization must be compared with hose of the industry average / leading company / its main competitor over a period. The section might be cap with the SOOT analysis presenting the four components in Chapter Three: Methodology In this section, the students must mention the sources of their information, primary and/or secondary.If any particular method/technique is applied to analyses the findings, it should be discussed in detail. Chapter Four: Findings and Discussions In the ‘Findings' section, it is expected that the student displays a mastery of his/her analytical ability to analyses the findings. It is, therefore, not enough only to state the exult, rather, s/he is expected to come up with the arguments that can convince the readers (supervisor and/or examiner) of why it is so.For ex. , if in any part icular year, sales or profit goes up significantly compared to its previous or subsequent year(s), it should be adequately analyses by presenting probable reasons for being so.